Gestational diabetes mellitus and obesity are related to persistent hyperglycemia in the postpartum period / Diabetes mellitus gestacional e obesidade estão relacionados à hiperglicemia persistente no período pós-parto

Abstract Objective To evaluate the obstetric and sociodemographic characteristics of gestational diabetic women who maintained hyperglycemia in the postpartum period (6-12 weeks postpartum). Methods This is a longitudinal cohort study with women who have had gestational diabetes and/or macrosomic children between March 1st, 2016 and March 1st, 2017. Between 6 and 12 weeks after birth, women who had gestational diabetes collected fasting glycemia, glucose tolerance test, and glycated hemoglobin results. The data were collected from medical records and during an interview in the first postpartum consultation. A statistical analysis was performed using frequency, percentage, Chi- Squared test, Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and multivariate Poisson regression. The significance level adopted for the statistical tests was 5%. Results One hundred and twenty-two women were included. Most of the women were younger than 35 years old (70.5%), white, multiparous, and with no history of gestational diabetes. Thirteen percent of the participants developed persistent hyperglycemia. A univariate analysis showed that maternal age above 35 years, being overweight, having grade 1 obesity and weight gain under 5 kg was related to the persistence of hyperglycemia in the postpartum period. Conclusion Maternal age above 35 years, obesity and overweight, and the diagnosis of gestational diabetes in the first trimester of pregnancy are associated with hyperglycemia during the postpartum period.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar características sociodemográficas e obstétricas de mulheres com diabetes gestacional que mantêm hiperglicemia no período pós-parto (6-12 semanas pós-parto). Métodos Este é um estudo longitudinal de coorte com mulheres com diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional e/ou macrossomia fetal entre 1° de março de 2016 a 1° de março de 2017. As mulheres coletaram glicemia de jejum, teste de tolerância a glicose e hemoglobina glicada entre 6 a 12 semanas pós-parto. Os dados foram coletados de prontuários médicos e durante entrevista na primeira consulta de revisão pós-parto. Uma análise estatística foi realizada através do cálculo de frequências, porcentagens, teste do qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher, teste de Mann-Whitney e regressão multivariada de Poisson. A significância estatística adotada foi de 5%. Resultados Cento e vinte e duas mulheres foram incluídas. A maioria delas tinha menos de 35 anos de idade (70,5%), eram brancas, multíparas, e não tinham história de diabetes gestacional. Treze por cento das participantes desenvolveu hiperglicemia persistente. A análise univariada mostrou que os fatores relacionados com a persistência de hiperglicemia no período pós-natal foram: idade materna acima de 35 anos, sobrepeso, obesidade grau 1 e ganho de peso abaixo de 5 quilos. A análisemultivariada incluiu o diagnóstico no primeiro trimestre como fator de risco para hiperglicemia persistente. Conclusão Mulheres acima de 35 anos, obesidade, sobrepeso e diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional no primeiro trimestre estão relacionados com hiperglicemia persistente no período pós-parto.

Prevalência de hiperglicemia de estresse em uma unidade de terapia intensiva / Prevalence of stress hyperglycemia in an intensive care unit

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência e o manejo da hiperglicemia de estresse em pacientes internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, realizado de janeiro a junho de 2018. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de 582 prontuá- rios eletrônicos, considerando os valores glicêmicos durante a hospitalização, história prévia ou não de diabetes mellitus, causas do internamento, tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva, presença de complicações durante o internamento e conduta utilizada em caso de hiperglicemia de estresse. Resulta- dos: Dos 582 pacientes internados na unidade de terapia intensi- va, 579 tiveram sua glicemia indicada nos prontuários analisados; 341 (58,9%) apresentaram hiperglicemia em algum momento da internação, sendo a hiperglicemia de estresse caracterizada em 200 pacientes (35%). A duração média de internamento desses pacientes foi de 8,39±10,9 dias, e a causa mais frequente de inter- namento foi devido a pós-operatório por diversas causas, somando 148 indivíduos (74%). Dentro os pacientes, 72 (36%) apresenta- ram alguma complicação. Além disso, 13 casos (6,5%) evoluíram para óbito. Conclusão: Estudos disponíveis sobre alvos de gli- cose em pacientes críticos das unidades de terapia intensiva apresentam difícil interpretação devido às diferenças subs- tanciais no grupo de populações e aos protocolos de gestão de pacientes utilizados em vários centros. Todavia, a prevalência da hiperglicemia de estresse encontrada nesta amostra é se- melhante à de outras casuísticas estudadas. O índice eleva- do de complicações enfatiza a necessidade de padronização nos critérios para diagnóstico e tratamento da hiperglicemia de estresse objetivando melhor prognóstico desses pacientes independentemente da causa do internamento.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and management of stress hyperglycemia in patients hospitalized in anintensive care unit. Methods: Retrospective study, carried out from January to June 2018. Data were obtained from 582 electronic medical records, considering glycemic values during hospitalization, existence of previous history of Diabetes Mellitus, causes of hospitalization, length of stay in the intensive care unit, presence of complications during hospitalization, and behavior used in case of stress hyper- glycemia. Results: Of the 582 patients admitted in the ICU, 579 had their glycemia indicated in the charts analyzed: 341 (58,9%) had hyperglycemia in a certain moment of hospitalization, with stress hyperglycemia being present in 200 patients (35%). The average duration of hospitalization of these patients was 8,39 ± 10,9 days, and the most frequent cause of hospitalization was postoperative for various causes, totaling 148 individuals (74%). Of the patients, 72 (36%) presented some type of complication and 13 patients (6,5%) died. Conclusion: Available studies on glucose targets in critical intensive care unit patients are difficult to be interpre- ted because of substantial differences in the study populations and of patient management protocols used at various centers. However, the prevalence of stress hyperglycemia found in this sample is similar to that of other study groups. The high com- plication rate emphasizes the need for standardization of the criteria for diagnosis and treatment of stress hyperglycemia aiming at a better prognosis of these patients regardless of the cause of hospitalization.

Comparison of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic subjects / Comparação das razões neutrófilo-linfócito e plaqueta-linfócito de indivíduos normoglicêmicos e hiperglicêmicos

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios as possible parameters of systemic inflammation in hyperglycemic and normoglycemic subjects. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study of data collected from patients tested for fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and blood count on the same day, between July and December 2016. Patients were divided into hyperglycemic and normoglycemic, and matched by age and sex. The data were analyzed using Epi Info™, version 7.2.1.0, for the Windows® platform. Results: We enrolled 278 subjects, 139 hyperglycemic and 139 normoglycemic. The absolute number of leukocytes and neutrophils was higher in the Hyperglycemic Group (p=0.006 and p=0.004, respectively). There was no difference in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio between the Hyperglycemic Group and the Normoglycemic Group (2.1 versus 2.0; p=0.264), and both neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios showed no differences between those with HbA1c ≥7% (n=127, p=0.778) and those with HbA1c <7% (n=12, p=0.490). In contrast, the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio was lower in the Hyperglycemic Group (117.8 versus 129.6; p=0.007). Conclusion: Hyperglycemic subjects had a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio similar to that of normoglycemic subjects, but had a lower platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio. Future prospective studies will be useful to determine the importance and prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios in the hyperglycemic state.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a razão neutrófilo-linfócito e a razão plaqueta-linfócito como possíveis parâmetros de inflamação sistêmica em indivíduos hiperglicêmicos e normoglicêmicos. Métodos: Estudo transversal retrospectivo, em que foram coletados dados dos pacientes que realizaram glicemia em jejum, hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) e hemograma na mesma data, entre julho e dezembro de 2016. Os pacientes foram divididos em um Grupo Hiperglicêmico e um Grupo Normoglicêmico, pareados por idade e sexo. Os dados foram analisados no Epi Info™, versão 7.2.1.0, em plataforma Windows®. Resultados: Foram incluídos 278 indivíduos, sendo 139 hiperglicêmicos e 139 normoglicêmicos. O número absoluto de leucócitos e neutrófilos foi maior no Grupo Hiperglicêmico (p=0,006 e p=0,004, respectivamente). Não houve diferença da razão neutrófilo-linfócito entre o Grupo Hiperglicêmico e o Grupo Normoglicêmico (2,1 versus 2,0; p=0,264), assim como a razão neutrófilo-linfócito e razão plaqueta-linfócito não apresentou diferença entre aqueles com HbA1c ≥7% (n=127) e com HbA1c <7% (n=12; p=0,778 e p=0,490). Contrariamente, a razão plaqueta-linfócito mostrou-se menor no Grupo Hiperglicêmico (117,8 versus 129,6; p=0,007). Conclusão: Indivíduos hiperglicêmicos apresentaram razão neutrófilo-linfócito semelhante a dos normoglicêmicos, mas tiveram razão plaqueta-linfócito menor. Pesquisas futuras, de modo prospectivo, seriam úteis para analisar a importância e o valor prognóstico da razão neutrófilo-linfócito e da razão plaqueta-linfócito no estado hiperglicêmico.

Hiperglucemia subclínica en adultos mayores basada en el proyecto SABE (Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento) de San Luis Potosí, México / Subclinical hyperglycemia in older adults based on the SABE (Health, Well-being and Aging) project in San Luis Potosí, Mexico

La interacción de varios factores asociados al envejecimiento contribuye a las alteraciones en la tolerancia a la glucosa en este grupo de edad. Es necesario conocer la prevalencia de hiperglucemia subclínica en adultos mayores de 60 años del Estado de San Luis Potosí. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, trasversal, aleatorizado, como parte del proyecto SABE (Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento) en año 2012 al cual se agrego toma de glucemia en hombres y mujeres con edades de 60 años y más con diagnóstico previo de Diabetes Mellitus y sin diagnóstico previo. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de Diabetes Mellitus previamente diagnosticada del 22.4%, y a mayor edad la prevalencia disminuía, al contrario de la hiperglucemia subclínica se encontró en un porcentaje mucho mayor de 24.9% y a mayor edad hubo una prevalencia mucho mayor tanto en mujeres como en hombres. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de diabetes y alteraciones en el metabolismo de la glucosa están relacionadas con la edad y continúan infra diagnosticados, lo cual esta subvalorado al aplicar solamente cuestionario de auto reporte por lo que resulta atrayente aplicar además la medición de niveles plasmáticos de glucosa.(AU)

The interaction of several factors associated with aging contributes to alterations in glucose tolerance in this age group. It is necessary to know the prevalence of subclinical hyperglycemia in adults over 60 years of age in the State of San Luis Potosí. Material and methods: an observational, analytical, cross-sectional, randomized study was carried out as part of the SABE project (Health, Well-being and Aging) in 2012 to which blood glucose intake was added in men and women aged 60 years and over with a previous diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and without a previous diagnosis. Results: A previously diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus prevalence of 22.4% was found, and at an older age the prevalence decreased, unlike subclinical hyperglycemia was found in a much higher percentage of 24.9% and at an older age there was a much higher prevalence in both women and men. Conclusions: The prevalence of diabetes and alterations in glucose metabolism are related to age and continue to be under-diagnosed, which is undervalued by applying only a self-report questionnaire, making it attractive to apply the measurement of plasma glucose levels as well. (AU)

Níveis glicêmicos e sobrevida de pacientes graves em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, Manaus - Amazonas / Glycemic levels, and survival of critical patients in the Intensive Care Unit, Manaus - Amazonas

Introdução: A hiperglicemia induzida por estresse ocorre com frequência em pacientes internados em unidade de tratamento intensivo (UTI) e pode estar associada a não sobrevida. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil glicêmico dos pacientes graves, analisando a associação entre glicemia e desfecho clínico em UTI; e se a glicemia é um marcador de piores diagnósticos. Método: Estudo transversal descritivo, de associação no período de dezembro de 2013 a dezembro 2015, provenientes de uma UTI de Manaus. Foram acessados os valores de glicemia, 24 horas antes do desfecho clínico (alta ou óbito). As análises de associação realizaram-se utilizando variáveis, preditivas ou independentes dos valores de índices glicêmicos (mg/dL). Média, desvio padrão análises de associação foram desenvolvidos no Programa Epi info 7.0. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 34 pacientes adultos, maioria eutróficos, conforme Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) estimado. A regressão linear e logística mostrou glicemia (mg/dL) associada positivamente com a não sobrevida (p<0,05), independente do IMC e covariáveis. Além disso, a classe de glicemia entre 95 a 140 mg dL associou-se à sobrevida de pacientes críticos, enquanto valores superiores mostraram correlação com não sobrevida na UTI. Conclusão: O estudo sugere que concentrações glicêmicas no sangue coletadas 24 horas antes do desfecho clínico entre participantes na UTI parece ser um bom indicador de desfechos clínicos, e níveis glicêmicos entre 95 a 140 mg dL protegem os pacientes críticos.(AU)

Introduction: Stress-induced hyperglycaemia occurs frequently in hospitalized illness critical patients and it could be associated with increased non-survive. Objective: To evaluate the glycemic profile of critically ill patients analyzing the association between blood glucose levels and clinical outcome of critically ill patients; and if the blood glucose is a marker of serious diseases. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study and cross tabulation from December 2013 to December 2015 from a Manaus Intensive Care Unity. Blood glucose values were accessed 24 hours prior to the clinical outcome (discharge or death) of patients older than 18 years. Association analyses were carried out using as variables predictive or independent, the values of glycaemia (mg/dL). Mean, standard deviation and associations analyses were performed in Epi info 7.0. Results: The study included a total of 34 patients, most eutrophic, according to Body Mass Index (BMI) estimated. Linear and logistic regression showed blood glucose (mg/ dL) positively associated with no survival and statistically significant (p<0.05), independent of BMI and co-variable. In addition, the class of glucose between 95 to 140 mg dL correlated with non-survive among critically ill patients, while greater glycaemic values increase mortality in ICU. Conclusion: Therefore, the glucose level collected 24 hours before the clinical outcome (survival or not survival), of the participants in the ICU seems to be a good indicator with clinical outcomes, and the cut off of glucose levels between 95 to 140 mg/dL can be desirable to avoiding of mortality of critically ill patients.(AU)

Risk factors for unstable blood glucose level: integrative review of the risk factors related to the nursing diagnosis / Risco de glicemia instável: revisão integrativa dos fatores de risco do diagnóstico de enfermagem / Riesgo de nivel de glucemia inestable: revisión integradora de los factores de riesgo del diagnóstico de enfermeira

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify evidence in the literature on the possible risk factors for the risk of unstable blood glucose diagnosis in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to compare them with the risk factors described by NANDA International. Method: an integrative literature review guided by the question: what are the risk factors for unstable blood glucose level in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus? Primary studies were included whose outcomes were variations in glycemic levels, published in English, Portuguese or Spanish, in PubMed or CINAHL between 2010 and 2015. Results: altered levels of glycated hemoglobin, body mass index>31 kg/m2, previous history of hypoglycemia, cognitive deficit/dementia, autonomic cardiovascular neuropathy, comorbidities and weight loss corresponded to risk factors described in NANDA International. Other risk factors identified were: advanced age, black skin color, longer length of diabetes diagnosis, daytime sleepiness, macroalbuminuria, genetic polymorphisms, insulin therapy, use of oral antidiabetics, and use of metoclopramide, inadequate physical activity and low fasting glycemia. Conclusions: risk factors for the diagnosis, risk for unstable blood glucose level, for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus were identified, and 42% of them corresponded to those of NANDA International. These findings may contribute to the practice of clinical nurses in preventing the deleterious effects of glycemic variation.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar evidências na literatura acerca de possíveis fatores de risco do diagnóstico risco de glicemia instável para pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e compará-los com os fatores de risco descritos pela NANDA International . Método: revisão integrativa norteada pela pergunta: quais são os fatores de risco de glicemia instável em pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2? Incluíram-se estudos primários cujos desfechos eram variações nos níveis glicêmicos, publicados em inglês, português ou espanhol no PubMed ou CINAHL entre 2010 e 2015. Resultados: observou-se que alteração nos níveis de hemoglobina glicada, índice de massa corpórea>31 Kg/m2, história prévia de hipoglicemia, déficit cognitivo/demência, neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular, comorbidades e perda de peso correspondiam a fatores de risco descritos pela NANDA International . Outros fatores de risco identificados foram: idade avançada, raça negra, maior tempo de diagnóstico de diabetes, sonolência diurna, macroalbuminúria, polimorfismos genéticos, insulinoterapia, uso de antidiabéticos orais, uso de metoclopramida, atividade física inadequada e glicemia de jejum baixa. Conclusões: identificaram-se fatores de risco do diagnóstico risco de glicemia instável para pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dos quais 42% correspondiam àqueles da NANDA International . Esses achados podem contribuir para a prática de enfermeiros clínicos na prevenção dos efeitos deletérios da variação glicêmica.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar evidencias en la literatura acerca de posibles factores de riesgo del diagnóstico "riesgo de nivel de glucemia inestable" para personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y compararlos con los factores de riesgo descritos por la NANDA International . Método: revisión integradora orientada por la pregunta: ¿Cuáles son los factores de riesgo de nivel de glucemia inestable en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2? Se incluyeron estudios primarios cuyos resultados eran variaciones en los niveles glucémicos, publicados en inglés, portugués o español en el PubMed o CINAHL entre 2010 y 2015. Resultados: se observó que una alteración en los niveles de: hemoglobina glucosilada, índice de masa corporal >31 Kg/m2, historia previa de hipoglucemia, déficit cognitivo/demencia, neuropatía autonómica cardiovascular, comorbilidades y pérdida de peso, correspondían a factores de riesgo descritos por la NANDA International . Otros factores de riesgo identificados fueron: edad avanzada, raza negra, mayor tiempo de diagnóstico de diabetes, somnolencia diurna, macroalbuminuria, polimorfismos genéticos, insulinoterapia, uso de antidiabéticos orales, uso de metoclopramida, actividad física inadecuada y glucemia de ayuno baja. Conclusiones: se identificaron factores de riesgo del diagnóstico riesgo de nivel de glucemia inestable para personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, de los cuales 42% correspondían a los de la NANDA International . Esos hallazgos pueden contribuir para la práctica de enfermeros clínicos en la prevención de los efectos deletéreos de la variación glucémica.

Inquérito epidemiológico em escolares: determinantes e prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular / Epidemiological survey in schoolchildren: determinants and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors / Encuesta epidemiológica en escolares: determinantes y prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular

Resumo Objetivou-se investigar a prevalência de dislipidemia, hiperglicemia e pressão arterial elevada em escolares, bem como, suas associações com fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, biológicos e comportamentais. Estudo transversal com 1.139 escolares, de seis a 18 anos de idade, do Município de Amargosa, Bahia, Brasil. Foram analisadas variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, biológicas e comportamentais. Utilizou-se a razão de prevalência (RP) como medida de associação. As prevalências de dislipidemia, hiperglicemia e pressão arterial elevada foram, respectivamente, 62,1%, 6,6% e 27%. A dislipidemia esteve associada com a localização geográfica da escola (RP = 1,52) e circunferência da cintura (RP = 1,20), e a hiperglicemia com a localização geográfica da escola (RP = 3,41) e adiposidade periférica (RP = 3,13). A pressão arterial elevada ficou associada com a faixa etária (RP = 2,34), razão da cintura pela estatura (RP = 1,62), maturação sexual (RP = 2,06) e atividade física (RP = 1,32). Programas de intervenção para escolares baseados em mudanças de hábitos de vida são necessários.

Abstract This study focused on the prevalence of dyslipidemia, high blood glucose, and high blood pressure in scho-olchildren and the associations with demographic, socioeconomic, biological, and behavior factors using a cross-sectional design with 1,139 schoolchildren from six to 18 years of age in Amargosa, Bahia State, Brazil. Prevalence ratio (PR) was used as the measure of association. Prevalence rates for dyslipidemia, high blood glucose, and high blood pressure were 62.1%, 6.6%, and 27%, respectively. Dyslipidemia was associated with the school's geographic location (PR = 1.52) and child's waist circumference (PR = 1.20), and high blood glucose with the school's geographic location (PR = 3.41) and child's peripheral adiposity (PR = 3.13). High blood pressure was associated with age bracket (PR = 2.34), waist-for-height ratio (PR = 1.62), sexual ma-turation (PR = 2.06), and physical activity (PR = 1.32). Intervention programs are needed to change life habits in schoolchildren.

Resumen Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo investigar la prevalencia de dislipidemia, hiperglicemia y presión arterial elevada en escolares, así como, sus asociaciones con factores demográficos, socioeconómicos, biológicos y comportamentales. Es un estudio transversal con 1.139 escolares, de seis a 18 años de edad, del municipio de Amargosa, Bahía, Brasil. Se analizaron variables demográficas, socioeconómicas, biológicas y comportamentales. Se utilizó la razón de prevalencia (RP) como medida de asociación. Las prevalencias de dislipidemia, hiperglicemia y presión arterial elevada fueron, respectivamente, 62,1%, 6,6% e 27%. La dislipidemia se asoció con la localización geográfica de la escuela (RP = 1,52) y circunferencia de la cintura (RP = 1,20), y la hiperglicemia con la localización geográfica de la escuela (RP = 3,41) y adiposidad periférica (RP = 3,13). La presión arterial elevada se asoció con la franja de edad (RP = 2,34), razón de la cintura por la estatura (RP = 1,62), madurez sexual (RP = 2,06) y actividad física (RP = 1,32). Son necesarios programas de intervención para escolares basados en cambios de hábitos de vida.

Efecto de una intervención centrada en la reducción de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes universitarios / Effects of an intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in university students

Background: Interventions aiming to reduce obesity and sedentary behaviors in young adults could be a feasible and effective approach to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To evaluate the effect of a lifestyle-based intervention on reducing cardiovascular risk factors in university students. Material and Methods: Sixty university students aged 21 ± 1 years (n = 44 females) took part on a 17 weeks lifestyle intervention consisting in education about healthy lifestyles and physical training, during a curricular course about health promotion and healthy lifestyles. At baseline and at the end of the intervention participants completed a lifestyles questionnaire and provided fasting blood samples to quantify glucose and lipids profile. Results: After the intervention significant reductions in the prevalence of hyperglycemia (-10.0%), high blood pressure (-16.7%) and physical inactivity (-26.7%) were observed. Moreover, a significant reduction in body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides and an increase in HDL cholesterol were observed after intervention. Conclusions: The implementation of an intervention to promote healthy lifestyles is an effective way of reducing cardiovascular risk factors in university students.

Influence of the blood glucose level on the development of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely premature children / Influência do nível de glicose sanguínea no desenvolvimento de retinopatia da prematuridade em crianças extremamente prematuras

ABSTRACTPurpose:To investigate the influence of the blood glucose level on the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in extremely premature infants.Methods:Sixty-four premature infants with a gestational age of less than 30 weeks and a birth weight of less than 1500 g were included in the study. Children without ROP were allocated to Group 1 (n=14, gestational age 28.6 ± 1.4 weeks, birth weight 1162 ± 322 g), and children with spontaneous regression of ROP were allocated to Group 2 (n=32, gestational age 26.5 ± 1.2 weeks, birth weight 905 ± 224 g). Children with progressive ROP who underwent laser treatment were included in Group 3 (n=18, gestational age 25.4 ± 0.7 weeks, birth weight 763 ± 138 g). The glucose level in the capillary blood of the premature infants was monitored daily during the first 3 weeks of life. A complete ophthalmological screening was performed from the age of 1 month. The nonparametric signed-rank Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used for statistical analysis.Results:The mean blood glucose level was 7.43 ± 2.6 mmol/L in Group 1, 7.8 ± 2.7 mmol/L in Group 2, and 6.7 ± 2.6 mmol/L in Group 3. There were no significant differences in the blood glucose levels between children with and without ROP, and also between children with spontaneously regressing ROP and progressive ROP (p>0.05). Additionally, there were no significant differences in the blood glucose levels measured at the first, second, and third weeks of life (p>0.05).Conclusion:The blood glucose level is not related to the development of ROP nor with its progression or regression. The glycemic level cannot be considered as a risk factor for ROP, but reflects the severity of newborns’ somatic condition and morphofunctional immaturity.

RESUMOObjetivo:Investigar a influência do nível de glicose sanguínea sobre o desenvolvimento da retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP) em prematuros extremos.Método:Sessenta e quatro prematuros com idade gestacional inferior a 30 semanas e um peso de nascimento abaixo de 1.500 g foram incluídos no estudo. As crianças sem ROP foram atribuídos ao Grupo 1 (n=14, idade gestacional 28,6 ± 1,4 semanas, peso ao nascer 1.162 ± 322 g). As crianças com regressão espontânea da ROP foram atribuídos ao Grupo 2 (n=32, idade gestacional 26,5 ± 1,2 semanas, peso ao nascimento 905 ± 224 g). Crianças com ROP progressiva que se submeteram a tratamento com laser foram incluídos no Grupo 3 (n=18, idade gestacional 25,4 ± 0,7 semanas, o peso ao nascer de 763 ± 138 g). O nível de glicose de sangue capilar de prematuros foi monitorado diariamente durante as três primeiras semanas de vida. A triagem oftalmológica completa foi realizada a partir da idade de 1 mês. O teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para análise estatística.Resultados:O nível médio de glicose no sangue em crianças do Grupo 1 foi de 7,43 ± 2,6 mmol/L, o grupo 2 foi de 7,8 ± 2,7 mmol/L, e o Grupo 3 foi de 6,7 ± 2,6 mmol/L. Não houve diferenças significativas nos níveis de glicose no sangue entre crianças com e sem ROP, e também entre crianças com regressão espontânea ROP e ROP progressiva (p>0,05). Também não houve diferenças significativas nos níveis de glicose no sangue medidos na primeira, segunda e terceira semana de vida (p>0,05).Conclusões:O nível de glicose no sangue não tem relação com o desenvolvimento de ROP, bem como sobre a sua progressão ou regressão. O nível glicêmico não pode ser considerado como um fator de risco para ROP, mas reflete a gravidade do estado somático de recém-nascidos e imaturidade morfofuncional.

Maturity onset diabetes of young type 2 due to a novel de novo GKC mutation / Diabetes monogênica tipo MODY com início na juventude causado por uma mutação GKC de novo não descrita anteriormente

Maturity Onset Diabetes of Young (MODY) is a heterogeneous group of monogenic disorders that result in β-cell dysfunction, with an estimated prevalence of 1%-2% in industrialized countries. MODY generally occurs in non-obese patients with negative autoantibodies presenting with mild to moderate hyperglycemia. The clinical features of the patients are heterogeneous, depending on the different genetic subtypes. We pretend to report a case of MODY type 2 caused by a novel de novo CGK mutation, highlighting the importance of the differential diagnosis in pediatric diabetes. A 13-year-old, healthy and non-obese girl was admitted for investigation of recurrent hyperglycemia episodes. She presented with persistent high levels of fasting blood glycemia (> 11.1 mmol/L) and had no familial history of diabetes. The blood glucose profile revealed an impaired fasting glucose of 124 mg/dL (6,9 mmol/L) with a normal oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting insulinemia was 15 mg/dL (90.1 pmol/L), HOMA-IR was 3.9 and hemoglobin A1c was 7.1%. Pancreatic autoantibodies were negative. Genetic testing identified a novel missense heterozygous mutation in exon 5 of GCK gene c.509G > T (p.Gly170Val), not present on the parents. This result established the diagnosis of MODY type 2. Clinical identification of patients with MODY remains a diagnostic challenge, especially when familial history is absent. Molecular diagnosis is very important for establishing an individualized treatment and providing a long term prognosis for each type of MODY.

O diabetes da maturidade com início na juventude (MODY) é um grupo heterogêneo de doenças monogênicas que resultam em disfunção das células β, com uma prevalência estimada de 1-2% nos países industrializados. O MODY geralmente ocorre em pacientes não obesos, negativos para autoanticorpos e que apresentam hiperglicemia de leve a moderada. As características clínicas dos pacientes são heterogêneas e dependem do subtipo genético. Pretende-se relatar um caso de MODY tipo 2 causado por uma mutação GKC de novo não descrita anteriormente, demonstrando a importância do diagnóstico diferencial no diabetes pediátrico. Uma menina de 13 anos de idade, saudável e não obesa, foi admitida em um hospital para investigação de episódios recorrentes de hiperglicemia. Ela apresentava níveis altos e persistentes de glicemia de jejum (> 11,1 mmol/L) e não havia histórico familiar de diabetes. O perfil glicêmico sanguíneo revelou glicose de jejum de 124 mg/dL (6,9 mmol/L), com resultados normais no teste oral de tolerância à glicose. O resultado da insulinemia de jejum foi 15 mg/dL (90,1 pmol/L), do HOMA-IR foi 3,9 e da hemoglobina A1c foi de 7,1%. Os autoanticorpos pancreáticos foram negativos. A análise genética identificou uma nova mutação heterozigota missense no éxon 5 do gene GCK c.509G > T (p.Gly170Val), não encontrada nos país. Esse resultado estabeleceu o diagnóstico de MODY tipo 2. A identificação clínica dos pacientes com MODY permanece um desafio diagnóstico, especialmente quando não existe um histórico familiar. O diagnóstico molecular é muito importante para se estabelecer um tratamento individualizado e oferecer um prognóstico de longo prazo para cada tipo de MODY.

¿Pueden ocho semanas de ejercicio físico combinado normalizar marcadores metabólicos de sujetos hiperglicémicos y dislipidémicos? / Eight weeks of combined high intensity intermittent exercise normalized altered metabolic parameters in women

Background: Short term physical training programs may improve insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Aim: To assess the effects of eight weeks of combined exercise program on serum lipids and glycemic level in women with hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia. Patients and Methods: Ten healthy women, nine women with hyperglycemia, ten with hypercholesterolemia and nine with hyperglycemia/hypercholesterolemia were studied. Participants were subjected to eight weeks into a program of combined physical exercise (high intensity interval + resistance training). Results: Fasting glycemia decreased by 12 and 14% in hyperglycemic and hyperglycemic/hypercholesterolemic participants, respectively. Serum insulin decreased in all groups in a range from 27 to 37%. HOMA IR for insulin resistance decreased similarly. A significant decrease in TC and TG was observed only in those altered baseline subjects. Conclusions: Eight weeks of combined physical exercise had a favorable effect on insulin resistance in this group of women.

Anti-diabetic effect of Artemisia annua [kaysom] in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Diabetes is the most common endocrine disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. Nowadays, herbal drugs are gaining popularity in the treatment of diabetes and its complications. The current study was aimed at evaluating the significance of supplementation of Artemisia annua [Kaysom] extract in reducing the metabolic abnormalities accompanied with alloxan-induced diabetes in male albino rats. Thirty male albino rats were divided equally into three groups including control, diabetic and diabetic treated with Kaysom extract. A single dose of alloxan [120 mg/kg body weight] was used to induce diabetes in rats. Diabetic rats were administered Kaysom extract orally twice daily for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, level of serum fasting insulin and glucose in addition to serum lipids profile such as total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], high density lipoproteins [HDL], low density lipoproteins [LDL], and very low density lipoproteins[VLDL]; serum proteins including total proteins, albumin and globulin; renal markers [creatinine, urea and uric acid] and activity of certain enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase [ASAT], alanine aminotransferase [ALAT] and gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT] was determined for all groups. In. addition, estimation of% change of body weight, values of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] and ratios of albumin:globulin [A:G], TC/HDL, LDL/HDL [risk ratios 1 and2] were calculated for each group. Diabetic rats showed a marked decline [p<0.01] in the level of; serum insulin, body weight [4.98%], total proteins, albumin, globulin and HDL accompanied with marked elevation [p<0.01] in level of; fasting blood glucose, HOMA_IR, ASAT, ALAT, GGT, urea, creatinine, uric acid, serum TC, TG, LDL, VLDL and ratios of TC/HDL and LDL/HDL [risk factors] as compared to the corresponding of controls. Supplementation of diabetic rats with Kaysom extract significantly ameliorated most of the estimated biochemical parameters. These results demonstrate that Kaysom extract may be of advantage in inhibiting hyperglycemia and ameliorating metabolic abnormalities induced by diabetes

Diabetes subdiagnosticado e necrose miocárdica: preditores de hiperglicemia no infarto do miocárdio / Unrecognized diabetes and myocardial necrosis: predictors of hyperglycemia in myocardial infarction

FUNDAMENTO: Hiperglicemia na fase aguda do infarto do miocárdio é importante fator prognóstico. Entretanto, sua fisiopatologia não está completamente elucidada. OBJETIVO: Analisar simultaneamente correlação entre hiperglicemia e marcadores bioquímicos relacionados ao estresse,metabolismo glicídico e lipídico, coagulação, inflamação e necrose miocárdica. MÉTODOS: Oitenta pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio foram incluídos prospectivamente. Os parâmetros analisados foram: glicose, hormônios do estresse (cortisol e norepinefrina), fatores do metabolismo glicídico [hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), insulina], lipoproteínas (colesterol total, LDL, HDL, LDL eletronegativa minimamente modificada e adiponectina), glicerídeos (triglicérides, VLDL e ácido graxo), fatores da coagulação (fator VII, fibrinogênio,inibidor do ativador do plasminogênio-1), inflamação (proteína C reativa ultrassensível) e necrose miocárdica (CK-MB e troponina). Variáveis contínuas foram convertidas em graus de pertinência por intermédio de lógica fuzzy. RESULTADOS: Houve correlação significativa entre hiperglicemia e metabolismo glicídico (p < 0,001), lipoproteínas (p = 0,03) e fatores de necrose (p = 0,03). Na análise multivariada, somente metabolismo glicídico (OR = 4,3; IC = 2,1-68,9 e p < 0,001) e necrose miocárdica (OR = 22,5; IC = 2-253 e p = 0,012) mantiveram correlação independente e significativa.Para análise da influência da história de diabetes mellitus , modelo de regressão, incluindo somente pacientes sem diabetes mellitus foi desenvolvido, e os resultados não alteraram. Finalmente, no modelo ajustado para idade, sexo e variáveis clínicas(história de diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial e dislipidemia), três variáveis mantiveram associação significativa e independente com hiperglicemia: metabolismo glicídico (OR = 24,1; IC = 4,8-122,1 e p < 0,001) necrose miocárdica (OR = 21,9; IC = 1,3-360,9 e p = 0,03) e história de DM (OR = 27, IC = 3,7-195,7 e p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Marcadores do metabolismo glicídico e necrose miocárdica foram os melhores preditores de hiperglicemia em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio.

BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia in the acute phase of myocardial infarction is an important prognostic factor. However, its pathophysiology is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To analyze simultaneously the correlation between hyperglycemia and biochemical markers related to stress, glucose and lipid metabolism, coagulation, inflammation, and myocardial necrosis. METHODS Eighty patients with acute myocardial infarction were prospectively included. The following parameters were analyzed: blood glucose; stress hormones (cortisol and norepinephrine); glucose metabolism factors [glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c); insulin]; lipoproteins (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, minimally modified electronegative LDL, and adiponectin); glycerides (triglycerides, VLDL and fatty acids); coagulation factors (factor VII, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1); inflammation (high-sensitivity C reactive protein); and myocardial necrosis (CK-MB and troponin). Continuous variables were converted into degrees of relevance using fuzzy logic. RESULTS: Significant correlation was observed between hyperglycemia and glucose metabolism (p < 0.001), lipoproteins (p = 0.03), and necrosis factors (p = 0.03). In the multivariate analysis, only glucose metabolism (OR = 4.3; CI = 2.1-68.9; and p < 0.001) and myocardial necrosis (OR = 22.5; CI = 2-253; and p = 0.012) showed independent and significant correlation. For the analysis of the influence of history of diabetes mellitus, a regression model including only patients without diabetes mellitus was developed, and the results did not change. Finally, in the model adjusted for age, gender, and clinical variables (history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia), three variables maintained a significant and independent association with hyperglycemia: glucose metabolism (OR = 24.1; CI = 4.8-122.1; and p < 0.001), myocardial necrosis (OR = 21.9; CI = 1.3-360.9; and p = 0.03), and history of DM (OR = 27; CI = 3.7-195.7; and p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Glucose metabolism and myocardial necrosis markers were the best predictors of hyperglycemia in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Determinantes prognósticos em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda sem elevação do segmento ST / Prognostic factors in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation

FUNDAMENTO: Em pacientes com Síndromes Coronarianas Agudas (SCA) sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (SST), sugere-se que uma série de marcadores (células inflamatórias, hiperglicemia e função renal) é capaz de identificar indivíduos com maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto desses parâmetros laboratoriais em desfechos intra-hospitalares de pacientes com SCA sem SST. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 195 pacientes admitidos consecutivamente com SCA sem SST. Foram registrados dados clínicos, demográficos e laboratoriais ao longo do período de internação no hospital, em relação à ocorrência ou não de eventos combinados. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 67 ± 12 anos, e 52% eram homens. Na análise da área sob a curva ROC, somente a razão neutrófilo/linfócito (AUC: 70%, IC95%: 56%-82%, p = 0,006) e a creatinina (AUC: 62%, IC95%: 50%-80%, p = 0,03) discriminaram aqueles pacientes com SCA sem SST que apresentaram algum desfecho. Os pacientes que sofreram algum evento adverso durante a internação apresentaram menores contagens de linfócitos (1502 ± 731 / mm³ vs. 2020 ± 862 / mm³; p = 0,002), menores taxas de filtração glomerular (51 ± 27 mL/min vs. 77±34 mL/min; p < 0,001) e maiores níveis séricos de creatinina (2,1 ± 2,7 mg/dL vs. 1,1 ± 1,3 mg/dL; p = 0,047) do que aqueles que tiveram uma hospitalização sem intercorrências. A análise de regressão logística demonstrou que as variáveis que permaneceram como preditores independentes e significativos foram: taxa de filtração glomerular (OR: 1,03; IC95%: 1,00-1,13; p = 0,002), e contagem de linfócitos (OR: 1,02; IC95%: 1,01-1,04; p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação da função renal e a contagem de linfócitos fornecem uma informação potencialmente útil para a estratificação prognóstica em doentes com SCA sem SST.

BACKGROUND: In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) without ST segment elevation (SSE), it is suggested that a series of markers (inflammatory cells, hyperglycemia and renal function) can identify individuals with increased risk for cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of these laboratory parameters on intra-hospital outcomes of patients with ACS with no SSE. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 195 patients consecutively admitted with ACS with no SSE. Demographic and clinical laboratory data were recorded during the course of the hospitalization period in relation to the occurrence of combined events. RESULTS: Mean age was 67 ± 12 years, and 52% were men. In analyzing the area under the ROC curve, only neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios (AUC: 70%, CI 95% 56%-82%, p = 0.006) and creatinine (AUC: 62%, CI 95% 50%-80%, p = 0.03) discriminated those patients with ACS with no SSE who presented an adverse outcome. The patients who suffered an adverse event during hospitalization had lower lymphocyte counts (1502 ± 731/mm ³ vs. 2020 ± 862/mm³; p = 0.002), lower glomerular filtration rates (51 ± 27 mL / min vs. 77 ± 34 mL/min; p < 0,001) and higher serum creatinine levels (2.1 ± 2.7 mg/dL vs. 1.1 ± 1.3 mg/dL; p = 0.047) than those who progressed through hospitalization without incident. The logistic regression analysis showed that variables remaining as independent and significant predictors were: glomerular filtration rate (OR: 1.03; CI 95%: 1.00 - 1.13, p = 0.002), and lymphocyte count (OR: 1.02; CI95%: 1.01 to 1.04, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Assessment of renal function and lymphocyte count provide potentially useful information for the prognostic stratification in patients with ACS with no SSE (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0).

Variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em pacientes pré-diabéticose portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Heart rate variability in pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

O diabetes mellitus é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública, responsável por cerca de 5% de todasas mortes a cada ano e com prevalência e morbimortalidade em ascensão no Brasil e no mundo. Níveis glicêmicosacima do normal, mas sem preencher os critérios para diabetes mellitus, constituem o pré-diabetes. Estudosdemonstram que o diabetes mellitus está associado a alterações do sistema nervoso autônomo, constituindo fatorfisiopatológico importante no desenvolvimento de comorbidades, como a neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular.Porém, poucos estudos correlacionaram essas alterações com o período pré-diabetes, embora haja indícios de quepossam estar presentes já nessa fase. Objetivos: Demonstrar, por meio da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, aexistência de correlação entre alterações do sistema nervoso autônomo, em pacientes pré-diabéticos e diabéticos.Métodos: Foram estudados 40 pacientes, divididos em quatro grupos: (A) controle; (B) pré-diabéticos; (C)portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 controlados; e (D) portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 não controlados. Osdados obtidos no Holter 24h foram correlacionados com os níveis glicêmicos de jejum e a hemoglobina glicada,além de dados clínicos, como pressão arterial, índice de massa corporal e circunferência abdominal. Resultados:Foi encontrada associação significativa ao se comparar o SDNN do grupo controle com pacientes diabéticoscontrolados (p=0,026) e não controlados (p=0,022). Conclusões: Os resultados encontrados sugerem que ospacientes diabéticos apresentam distúrbios na modulação autonômica cardíaca, conforme descrito na literatura,não sendo encontrada disautonomia cardíaca significativa em pré-diabéticos.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem, accounting for about 5% ofall deaths each year and rising prevalence and morbidity and mortality in Brazil and worldwide. Pre-diabetes isconstituted by blood glucose levels over the normal range which do not meet DM criteria. Studies have shown thatDM is associated with changes in the autonomic nervous system and is an important pathophysiological factorin the development of comorbidities such as cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. However, few studies havecorrelated these changes with pre-diabetes although there are indications that they may be present at this stage.Objectives: Demonstrate a correlation between the autonomic nervous system, pre-diabetes and diabetes changesusing heart rate variability. Methods: We studied 40 patients, divided into four groups: (A) control; (B) prediabetics;(C) patients with controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, (D) patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes.Data obtained by the 24-hour Holter were correlated with fasting glucose levels and glycated hemoglobin, inaddition to clinical data such as blood pressure, BMI and waist circumference. Results: A significant associationwas observed when the control group SDNN was compared to that of controlled (p=0.026) and uncontrolled (p=0.022) diabetic patients. Conclusions: Based on the results we can suggest that diabetic patients have cardiacautonomic modulation disturbances, as described in the literature and significant cardiac dysautonomia was notobserved in pre-diabetics.

Fundamento: La diabetes mellitus (DM) es uno de los principales problemas de salud pública,responsable de un 5% de la totalidad de las muertes todos los años y con prevalencia y morbimortalidad enascensión en Brasil y en el mundo. La pre diabetes comprende niveles glucémicos arriba de lo considerado normal,pero no rellena los criterios para DM. Estudios demuestran que la DM está asociada con alteraciones del sistemanervioso autónomo, constituyéndose en importante factor fisiopatológico para el desarrollo de comorbilidades,como la neuropatía autonómica cardiovascular. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han correlacionado dichas alteracionescon el período pre diabetes, aunque existan indicios de que puedan estar presentes ya en esa fase. Objetivos:Demostrar una correlación, por medio de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca, entre las alteraciones del sistemanervioso autónomo, la pre diabetes y la DM. Métodos: Se estudiaron 40 pacientes, divididos en cuatro grupos:(A) control; (B) pre diabéticos; (C) portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 controlados; y (D) portadores de DMtipo 2 no controlados. Los datos obtenidos en el Holter 24h fueron correlacionados con los niveles glucémicosde ayuno y hemoglobina glicada, además de datos clínicos, tales como: presión arterial, IMC y circunferenciaabdominal. Resultados: Se encontró asociación significativa al compararse el SDNN del grupo control conpacientes diabéticos controlados (p=0,026) y no controlados (p=0,022). Conclusiones: A partir de los resultadosencontrados, se puede sugerir, mediante los resultados hasta entonces obtenidos, que los pacientes diabéticospresentan disturbios en la modulación autonómica cardiaca, conforme descrito en la literatura, no encontrándosedisautonomía cardiaca significativa en pre diabéticos.

Glycyrrhizin ameliorates insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome-X in rat model.

This study investigates if glycyrrhizin, a constituent of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root, is able to treat the complications (insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress) of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was induced in rats by feeding a fructose-enriched (60%) diet for six weeks, after which single dose of glycyrrhizin (50 mg/kg body weight) was administered intraperitoneally. Different biochemical parameters from blood were estimated during three weeks after treatment. Then the rats were sacrificed to collect skeletal muscle tissue. Glycyrrhizin reduced the enhanced levels of blood glucose, insulin and lipids in metabolic syndrome group. Increased advanced glycation end products of hemoglobin, glycohemoglobin, hemoglobin-mediated iron release and iron-mediated free radical reactions (arachidonic acid and deoxyribose degradation) in metabolic syndrome were inhibited by glycyrrhizin treatment. Reduced activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and elevated oxidative stress markers (malonaldehyde, fructosamine, hemoglobin carbonyl content and DNA damage) in metabolic syndrome were reversed to almost normal levels by glycyrrhizin. The decreased levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) proteins in skeletal muscle of metabolic syndrome group were elevated by glycyrrhizin, indicating improved fatty acid oxidation and glucose homeostasis.

Relationship between serum nitric oxide and sialic acid in coexisted diabetes, hypertension and nephropathy

This study was designed to study the relationship between serum nitric oxide and sialic acid in patients of diabetic nephropathy. Total 210 diabetic patients including 115 males and 95 females, suffering from diabetes and nephropathy [DN] were selected followed by informed consent and approval from institutional ethical committee. Equal number of age and sex matched normal healthy subjects were selected without any known history of hyperglycemia, hypertension and renal insufficiency as controls. Fasting blood samples from patients and controls were collected and analyzed for serum nitric oxide, sialic acid, fasting blood glucose [FBG], serum urea, creatinine, HbA1c and golmerular filtration rate [GFR]. The raised levels [p<0.05] of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, BMI, FBG, HbA1c, serum urea, creatinine and sialic acid were noted in DN patients as compared to controls. Significantly lower levels of GFR and serum nitric oxide [p<0.05] were observed in DN patients as compared to controls. Strong negative correlation was found between serum sialic acid and nitric oxide levels in patients diabetic nephropathy [p<0.05]. The relationship between the levels of serum nitric oxide and sialic acid may be considered as a strong biochemical indicator for micro and macro vascular complications of diabetes such as hypertension and nephropathy. These parameters should be taken into account during screening procedures regarding identifications of the diabetic patients to get them rid of progressive renal impairment to ESRD

Permissive Hyperglycemia in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants

The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of permissive hyperglycemia up to or = 300 mg/dL with insulin. Only 15% of patients were grouped as N, with 39% as P and 46% as T. Although P had lower birth weight, P had a similar daily calorie and glucose intake as well as urine output compared to N. There was no significant correlation between blood glucose level and urine output on day 7. Compared to N, P showed faster weight gain and similar mortality, morbidities, and long-term neurological outcomes. Permissive hyperglycemia up to < 300 mg/dL without insulin treatment during the first 14 days of life is not associated with osmotic diuresis or increased mortality or morbidities, suggesting that it is not detrimental in ELBWIs.

Modulatory effect of polyphenolic extracts of Ichnocarpus frutescens on oxidative stress in rats with experimentally induced diabetes.

Background & objectives: The role of oxidative stress in the development of diabetes mellitus and its vascular complications are extensively studied. Hyperglycaemia causes oxidative damage by generation of reactive oxygen species and results in the development of complications. The present study was undertaken with the objective of exploring the anti-hyperglycaemic potential of polyphenolic enriched extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens in streptozotocin induced (n-STZ) neonatal diabetic rats (pups) for six weeks and to study oxidative stress and antioxidant status. Methods: Two days old pups were rendered diabetic by single injection of streptozotocin (90 mg/kg body wt, ip). At the end of the treatment period, the level of blood glucose, serum biochemical markers, serum lipid levels and liver malondialdehyde, tissue antioxidant levels were measured. Results: A marked rise was observed in the levels of fasting blood glucose (230.33 mg/dl), lipid profiles, lipid peroxidative products and a significant decrease in tissue antioxidants (superoxide dismuatase, catalase and reduced glutathione) and serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in STZ treated rats. Oral administration of polyphenolic extract (150 and 300 mg/kg body wt, po) decreased fasting blood glucose levels (187.66 and 170.50 mg/dl, respectively) of STZ-treated diabetic rats significantly (P<0.01), when compared with control rats. In addition, the polyphenolic extract showed favourable effect (P<0.01) on the reduced tissues antioxidants level, liver glycogen level, high density lipoprotein level, with significant (P<0.01) reduction of elevated lipid peroxidation products. Histopathological study of the pancreas showed the protective role of polyphenolic extract. Interpretation & conclusions: Our study showed the antioxidant of effect polyphenolic extract of I. frutescens in STZ induced experimental diabetes. The results also suggested that this polyphenolic rich extract could be potentially useful for hyperglycaemia treatment to correct the diabetic state.